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2018年9月26日 13:48:18 來源(yuan): 互(hu)聯(lian)網
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隨著科學技術的發(fa)展和(he)人們對(dui)生(sheng)物(wu)安(an)全(quan)意識的提高,生(sheng)物(wu)安(an)全(quan)柜在(zai)(zai)實驗室、醫(yi)院及(ji)研究(jiu)單位的應用(yong)日益廣(guang)泛(fan),但是(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)人們在(zai)(zai)觀念里認為是(shi)(shi)zui簡單的排風設(she)備(bei),選型、安(an)裝、使用(yong)等方面(mian)中存在(zai)(zai)很多問題和(he)誤區,給生(sheng)物(wu)安(an)全(quan)防護、避免實驗室感(gan)染帶來極(ji)大的隱患。
誤區一(yi):潔凈工作臺代替生物安全柜
目前有(you)很(hen)多醫院(yuan)在大(da)量(liang)使用(yong)(yong)醫用(yong)(yong)潔凈(jing)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)臺,很(hen)多操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)人員認為這(zhe)兩種設備外形相同,作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)用(yong)(yong)大(da)同小(xiao)異,并(bing)認為他們操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)的樣(yang)(yang)本(ben)(ben)都是普通(tong)的樣(yang)(yang)本(ben)(ben),不具有(you)高致病性。其實,生物安全柜和潔凈(jing)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)臺具有(you)本(ben)(ben)質的差別,潔凈(jing)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)臺將(jiang)通(tong)過(guo)過(guo)濾器的凈(jing)化空氣向下(xia)吹過(guo)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)區(qu),用(yong)(yong)來(lai)保護(hu)樣(yang)(yang)品,由于工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)區(qu)是正壓區(qu),氣流通(tong)過(guo)操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)窗(chuang)口外溢,只(zhi)保護(hu)樣(yang)(yang)品,而對操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)人員和環境不提供保護(hu),如(ru)操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)含(han)有(you)任何已知(zhi)或潛在致病氣溶膠,都會給操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)人員帶(dai)來(lai)極大(da)隱患。
生(sheng)物(wu)安(an)全柜是(shi)一(yi)種負壓(ya)凈化工(gong)作(zuo)臺,可以防止操(cao)作(zuo)者和環(huan)境(jing)暴露(lu)于實(shi)驗(yan)室(shi)過程中產生(sheng)的有害氣溶膠,是(shi)傳染性微生(sheng)物(wu)的牢籠,正確地操(cao)作(zuo)生(sheng)物(wu)安(an)全柜,能夠*保護(hu)操(cao)作(zuo)人(ren)員、樣品、工(gong)作(zuo)環(huan)境(jing)。因此,醫(yi)院臨床(chuang)檢驗(yan)、診斷(duan)、病理(li)分(fen)析、腫瘤藥物(wu)的配制等工(gong)作(zuo)及(ji)相關生(sheng)物(wu)醫(yi)學研究所、實(shi)驗(yan)室(shi)都應使用生(sheng)物(wu)安(an)全柜。
同時,為了安(an)(an)全起見,各醫(yi)療單位及(ji)相關實(shi)驗室應重新對實(shi)驗室微生(sheng)物危險(xian)度(du)進行(xing)評估,如有潛在危險(xian),應及(ji)時替換(huan)原有潔凈(jing)工作(zuo)臺,并根(gen)據需要選配生(sheng)物安(an)(an)全柜。
誤區二:超前化
生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)柜(ju)(ju)(ju)選(xuan)(xuan)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)不(bu)當(dang),根據(ju)(ju)結構設計、排風比例和保(bao)(bao)護對(dui)象(xiang)和程(cheng)度不(bu)同(tong),生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)柜(ju)(ju)(ju)分(fen)為(wei)(wei)Ⅰ級(ji)(ji)、Ⅱ級(ji)(ji)和Ⅲ級(ji)(ji),其中Ⅱ級(ji)(ji)又分(fen)為(wei)(wei)A2、B2型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。不(bu)同(tong)級(ji)(ji)別的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)實驗室(shi)應選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)不(bu)同(tong)級(ji)(ji)別的(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)柜(ju)(ju)(ju),也可根據(ju)(ju)要(yao)保(bao)(bao)護、防護的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)同(tong)類型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)來選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)適當(dang)的(de)(de)(de)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)柜(ju)(ju)(ju)。在(zai)操作(zuo)少量(liang)揮發(fa)性(xing)化學試劑或(huo)放(fang)射性(xing)核素時,可選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)Ⅱ級(ji)(ji)B2型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)柜(ju)(ju)(ju);操作(zuo)大量(liang)揮發(fa)性(xing)化學試劑或(huo)放(fang)射性(xing)核素時,必須使用(yong)(yong)(yong)Ⅱ級(ji)(ji)B2型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)生(sheng)(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)柜(ju)(ju)(ju)。目前(qian)*應用(yong)(yong)(yong)zui廣的(de)(de)(de)是Ⅱ級(ji)(ji)A2型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)柜(ju)(ju)(ju),它能(neng)夠滿足醫院(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)一般用(yong)(yong)(yong)途(tu),另(ling)外,從(cong)節能(neng)角度也較為(wei)(wei)經濟。在(zai)實際工(gong)作(zuo)中,很多(duo)單(dan)位認為(wei)(wei)設備選(xuan)(xuan)型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)應具(ju)有一定的(de)(de)(de)超前(qian)性(xing),常常在(zai)A2型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)滿足應用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)情況下選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)B2型(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),造成(cheng)問題很多(duo)。安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)柜(ju)(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)(de)選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)應主要(yao)從(cong)安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)柜(ju)(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)(de)性(xing)能(neng)考(kao)慮,如過(guo)濾器、風路設計、報警裝(zhuang)置(zhi)、負壓保(bao)(bao)護等指標比較安(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)柜(ju)(ju)(ju)的(de)(de)(de)優(you)略(lve)。
誤區三:安(an)全柜安(an)裝問題(ti)多多
現有實驗室購置安全柜,一般在房間騰出一小塊空地安放,存在問題很多,安裝位置不當,會造成污染。生物安全柜兩側、后側應留30 cm,頂部留出足夠30~34 cm的空間;為減少氣流擾動,保證安全柜正常工作,生物安全柜應放置在遠離實驗室入口、門窗、暖氣、走道,避開送風口,避免外界氣流對柜內氣流造成擾動。生物安區柜放置的房間必須有足夠的送風量,Ⅱ級A2排氣量約在700~1200 m3/h,B2則在1000~1600 m3/h,有的型號更高,如果沒有足夠的補充送風,生物安全柜所在房間成為高負壓狀態, 生物安全柜無法正常工作。很多實驗室購置Ⅱ級A2生物安全柜后,認為排風管道接到室外比排到室內安全。其實,生物安全柜排風出口帶有過濾器,所排出的氣體被證明是安全的,對室內環境沒有影響;另外,將室內舒適工作環境的潔凈空氣排到室外會大大增加運行成本,因此,除了操作危險度較高的實驗對象或能產生化學氣味的化學試劑,Ⅱ級A2生物安全柜排風排到室內是安全可行的。
Ⅱ級(ji)(ji)A2型(xing)(xing)(xing)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)柜采用(yong)(yong)硬連(lian)(lian)接(jie)(jie),這種連(lian)(lian)接(jie)(jie)方式以(yi)前(qian)被廣泛使用(yong)(yong), A2型(xing)(xing)(xing)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)柜使用(yong)(yong)密閉硬管(guan)(guan)連(lian)(lian)接(jie)(jie)到帶抽(chou)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)機(ji)的(de)排(pai)(pai)(pai)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)時(shi),其安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)運行(xing)*依賴于排(pai)(pai)(pai)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)系(xi)(xi)統(tong),如(ru)當(dang)排(pai)(pai)(pai)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)的(de)速度升高或(huo)降(jiang)低,生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)柜內(nei)不平(ping)衡(heng)發生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)變化,會(hui)產生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)污染環境、樣品(pin)的(de)嚴重(zhong)后(hou)果。在(zai)美國(guo)NSF49:2002標準中(zhong)禁止Ⅱ級(ji)(ji)A2生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)柜使用(yong)(yong)密閉硬管(guan)(guan)連(lian)(lian)接(jie)(jie)。如(ru)果Ⅱ級(ji)(ji)A2安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)柜外排(pai)(pai)(pai)氣(qi)體時(shi),建議排(pai)(pai)(pai)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)管(guan)(guan)采用(yong)(yong)套管(guan)(guan)連(lian)(lian)接(jie)(jie),套管(guan)(guan)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)裝在(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)柜的(de)排(pai)(pai)(pai)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)管(guan)(guan)上(shang),與安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)柜過(guo)濾器(qi)之間(jian)保留(liu)2.5 cm的(de)縫隙,以(yi)便讓房間(jian)的(de)空(kong)氣(qi)也能(neng)吸入到建筑物的(de)排(pai)(pai)(pai)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)中(zhong),這種連(lian)(lian)接(jie)(jie)方式是zui安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)的(de)連(lian)(lian)接(jie)(jie)方式,柜內(nei)的(de)氣(qi)流平(ping)衡(heng)獨立與排(pai)(pai)(pai)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)系(xi)(xi)統(tong),無論(lun)排(pai)(pai)(pai)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)如(ru)何波動柜內(nei)氣(qi)流平(ping)衡(heng)都不會(hui)受(shou)到影(ying)響。Ⅱ級(ji)(ji)B2必須(xu)通過(guo)硬管(guan)(guan)連(lian)(lian)接(jie)(jie),密封(feng)地連(lian)(lian)接(jie)(jie)到排(pai)(pai)(pai)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)上(shang),排(pai)(pai)(pai)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)的(de)排(pai)(pai)(pai)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)量(liang)和(he)靜壓必須(xu)與安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)柜制定(ding)要(yao)求一致。在(zai)安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)裝有多臺Ⅱ級(ji)(ji)B型(xing)(xing)(xing)生(sheng)(sheng)(sheng)物安(an)(an)(an)(an)(an)全(quan)(quan)(quan)(quan)柜時(shi),應各自使用(yong)(yong)獨立的(de)排(pai)(pai)(pai)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)管(guan)(guan)道,不能(neng)共用(yong)(yong)排(pai)(pai)(pai)風(feng)(feng)(feng)(feng)管(guan)(guan)道。
誤區四:有生物安(an)全柜,就一(yi)切“OK”了
安(an)全(quan)柜(ju)的使用和(he)局(ju)限應(ying)向每個操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)者(zhe)(zhe)說明,嚴格按要(yao)求操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo),如使用提(ti)前開(kai)機“自凈”、柜(ju)內(nei)(nei)物(wu)(wu)(wu)品的擺放合理(li)、定期保(bao)養驗(yan)(yan)(yan)證等。當操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)失誤或發生(sheng)泄漏、破損時,生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)全(quan)柜(ju)不能夠保(bao)護操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)者(zhe)(zhe)。生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)安(an)全(quan)柜(ju)前的空氣幕很脆弱,極易受到干擾而(er)造(zao)(zao)成污染(ran)(ran)。實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)中不能隨意(yi)開(kai)啟(qi)前窗的位置(zhi),操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)動(dong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)緩和(he),手臂避(bi)免頻(pin)繁出(chu)入安(an)全(quan)柜(ju),以防止打擾氣流(liu)。在安(an)全(quan)柜(ju)工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)時,開(kai)關(guan)房門、人員在房間內(nei)(nei)走動(dong)、甚至在操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)人員背(bei)后咳嗽等都(dou)會形成湍流(liu)而(er)增(zeng)加微生(sheng)物(wu)(wu)(wu)氣溶(rong)膠溢出(chu)量(liang),而(er)造(zao)(zao)成實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)室污染(ran)(ran)。國外學者(zhe)(zhe)Oster曾(ceng)報道(dao),工(gong)(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)人員在安(an)全(quan)柜(ju)內(nei)(nei)用吸管吸取立(li)克次體懸液,另外一人在柜(ju)旁(pang)與之(zhi)談話14 分鐘后即(ji)感染(ran)(ran)發病。有(you)很多(duo)污染(ran)(ran)事件是因(yin)為(wei)實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(yan)人員違反操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)規程、注(zhu)意(yi)力不集中、操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)動(dong)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)不穩定、操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)(zuo)方(fang)法或器(qi)材不當所致。
因此,操作(zuo)人(ren)員必須牢固(gu)樹(shu)立(li)(li)安全意(yi)識,養成良好操作(zuo)習慣,杜(du)絕違規操作(zuo),嚴格遵(zun)照(zhao)微生(sheng)物學(xue)標(biao)準操作(zuo)規程和(he)(he)生(sheng)物安全實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)室操作(zuo)規程,并使用規范的實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)器材(cai)。個人(ren)防(fang)(fang)護(hu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)防(fang)(fang)止(zhi)實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)室氣溶膠感染的zui后一(yi)道防(fang)(fang)護(hu),通常由物理(li)防(fang)(fang)護(hu)和(he)(he)疫(yi)苗免疫(yi)兩種,物理(li)防(fang)(fang)護(hu)主要(yao)是(shi)(shi)(shi)對呼吸(xi)道和(he)(he)眼睛的防(fang)(fang)護(hu),如防(fang)(fang)風鏡、口(kou)罩(zhao)、防(fang)(fang)護(hu)面罩(zhao)、正壓(ya)頭盔和(he)(he)正壓(ya)工作(zuo)服等。生(sheng)物安全柜投入使用后,其管理(li)是(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)項重要(yao)的工作(zuo),也是(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)項薄弱的環(huan)節,由于設備(bei)人(ren)員、實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)人(ren)員責(ze)任界限不清,疏于管理(li),給實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)室安全帶來極大隱患,必須建立(li)(li)科學(xue)的管理(li)制(zhi)度,嚴格執行,責(ze)任落實(shi)(shi)到(dao)人(ren),并進(jin)行監(jian)督,確保(bao)實(shi)(shi)驗(yan)室安全。